buku pintar kita: Morphology "The Structure of Word"

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

“The Structure of Word”

Written By : Group III

The Member Of Group

1. Dea Oktaviana 13106817

2. Dika Alfatana 13106769

3. Inggit Verawati 13107467

4. Tria Septiana 13108637

5. Wismoyo Sandi Nugroho 13108777

Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Jurai Siwo

(Stain) metro

Ki Hajar Dewantara kampus st. (15a) Iring Mulyo

Kota Metro

2014/2015

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Introduction................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER II CONTENT

A. Definition Of Morphology............................................................. 2

B. Definition Of Morphology Based On The Authors....................... 2

C. Morpheme...................................................................................... 3

D. Classification Of Morpheme.......................................................... 4

E. Types of Free Morpheme............................................................... 6

F. Types of Bound Morpheme.......................................................... 6

CHAPTER III CONCLUTION

A. Conclution.................................................................................... 10

REFERENCES................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as dog, cat, table, book, etc.) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of dogs, the end at the end of the kicked, etc.) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can occur as separate words) and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words). Morphemes can be divided into two general classes. Free morphemes are those which can stand alone as words of a language, whereas bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes. Most roots in English are free morphemes (for example, dog, syntax, and to), although there are a few cases of roots (like -gruntle as in disgruntle) that must be combined with another bound morpheme in order to surface as an acceptable lexical item.

Free morphemes can be further subdivided into content words and function words. Content words, as their name suggests, carry most of the content of a sentence. Function words generally perform some kind of grammatical role, carrying little meaning of their own. One circumstance in which the distinction between function words and content words is useful is when one is inclined to keep wordiness to a minimum; for example, when drafting a telegram, where every word costs money. In such a circumstance, one tends to leave out most of the function words (like to, that, and, there, some, and but), concentrating instead on content words to convey the gist of the message. (Steven Weisler and Slavoljub P. Milekic, Theory of Language. MIT Press, 1999).For example, a word like 'house' or 'dog' is called a free morpheme because it can occur in isolation and cannot be divided into smaller -meaning units. The word 'quickest'. is composed of two morphemes, one bound and one free. The word 'quick' is the free morpheme and carries the basic meaning of the word. The 'est' makes the word a superlative and is a bound morpheme because it cannot stand alone and be meaningful." (Donald G. Ellis, From Language to Communication. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999).

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

1. Definition Of Morphology

a. In linguistic

Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of morphemes and other units of meaning in a language such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation /stress, or implied context.

b. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English: Morphology is “study of the morphemes of a language and of how they are combined to make word”.

2. The Definitions Of Morphology Based On The Authors

a) Francis Katamba

Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words did not emerge as a distinct sub-branch of linguistics. The claim that words have structure might come as a surprise because normally speakers think of words as a surprise because normally speakers think of words as indivisible units of meaning. This is probably due to the fact that many words are morphologically simple. For example the, desk, boot, mosquito, etc., could not be segmented (divided up) into smaller units that are themselves meaningful. But very many English words are morphologically complex. They can be broken down into smaller units that are meaningful. Like desk-s and boot-s, for instance, where desk refers into one piece of furniture and boot refers to one item of footwear, while in both cases the –s serves the grammatical function of indicating plurality.

b) George Yule

Morphology is the study of forms or investigating forms in language, which literary means ‘ the study of form’ was originally used in biology, but since the mid nineteenth century, has also been used to describe that type of investigation which analyzes all basic elements which are used in language.

c) Nirmala Sari

Morphology is the study of word formation.

d) Victoria Fromkin & Robert Rodman

Morphology is Rodman Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed. This word itself consists of two morphemes, morph + ology, the morphemic suffix –oology means “science of” or “branch of knowledge concerning.” Thus, the meaning of morphology is “the science of word forms.”

So, the meaning of morphology is

Morph = form or shape ology = study of

Morphology is Study of the basic building blocks of meaning in language. These building blocks called Morphemes, are the smallest units of form that bear meaning or have grammatical function.

3. Morphemes

Morphemes are the smallest units in the structural analysis of words. It is often said that morphemes are the smallest units of meaning, but this is not quite accurate. They are the smallest structural units the learner identifies; to be identified as such a morpheme must have an identifiable grammatical behavior, but not necessarily an identifiable meaning. Morpheme: a combination of sounds that have a meaning. A morpheme does not necessarily have to be a word. Example: the word cats has two morphemes. Cat is a morpheme, and s is a morpheme. Every morpheme is either a base or an affix. An affix can be either a prefix or a suffix. Cat is the base morpheme, and s is a suffix.

Source : http://education-portal.com/cimages/multimages/16/Morpheme_Chart.jpeg accessed on Oct 13, 2014

4. Classification Of Morphemes

A. Free morphemes-units

A. Free morphemes can stand by themselves (i.e. they are what what we conventionally call words) and either tell us something about the world (free lexical morphemes) or play a role in grammar (free grammatical morphemes). Man, pizza, run and happy are instances of free lexical morphemes, while and, but, the and to are examples for free grammatical morphemes. It is important to note the difference between morphemes and phonemes: morphemes are the minimal meaning-bearing elements that a word consists of and are principally independent from sound. For example, the word zebra (ˈziːbrə) consists of six phones and two syllables, but it contains only a single morpheme. Ze- and -bra are not independent meaning-bearing components of the word zebra, making it monomorphemic. (Bra as a free morpheme does in fact mean something in English, but this meaning is entirely unrelated to the -bra in zebra.)

So that, the free morphem is morpheme that can stand alone as words by themselves.

Example : Zebra, tree, aplle, so on.

B. Bound morphemes-units

Not all morphemes can be used independently, however. Some need to be bound to a free morpheme. In English the information “plural number” is attached to a word that refers to some person, creature, concept or other nameable entity (in other words, to a noun) when encoded in a morpheme and cannot stand alone. Similarly the morpheme -er, used to describe “someone who performs a certain activity” (e.g. a dancer, a teacher or a baker) cannot stand on its own, but needs to be attached to a free morpheme (a verb in this case). The example for this morpheme is cows, owls, pears, etc. Bound morphemes come in two varieties, derivational and inflectional, the core difference between the two beings that the addition of derivational morphemes creates new words while the addition of inflectional words merely changes word form.

5. Types of Free Morphemes

a. Open Class Morphemes:

Open Morpheme has independent meaning. It can stand alone. Also known as content words. Lexical words are called open class words and include nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

b. Closed Class Morphemes

b.Closed Morpheme has dependent meaning. It can not stand alone. Closed Class are not re-productive. Function words, or closed class words, are conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.

6. Types Of Bound Morphems

They are two kinds of bound morphemes.

a. Derivational Morphemes

The signature quality of derivational morphemes is that they derive new words. In the following examples, derivational morphemes are added to produce new words which are derived from the parent word.

Happy – happiness – unhappiness

Frost – defrost – defroster

Examine – examination – reexamination

In all cases the derived word means something different than the parent and the word class may change with each derivation. As demonstrated in the examples above, sometimes derivation will not cause the world class to change, but in such a case the meaning will usually be significantly different from that of the parent word, often expressing opposition or reversal.

Probable – improbable

Visible – invisible

Tie – untie

Create – recreate

Independently of whether or not word class changes and how significantly meaning is affected, derivation always creates (derives) new words from existing ones, while inflection is limited to changing word form.

Are those bound morphemes that we use in making new words or making words of a different grammatical category from the stem.

Example:
good (adj.) + -ness (derivational morpheme) = goodness(noun)
care (noun) + -ful (derivational morpheme) = careful(adj.)
A list of derivational morphemes concludes;

1) A prefix is an element placed at the beginning of a word to adjust or qualify its meaning, for example de-, non-, and re-.

2) A suffix is an element placed at the end of a word to form a derivative, such as -ation, -fy, -ing, frequently one that converts the stem into another part of speech.

suffixes:-ish, -less, ly …etc.

prefixes: re-,pre-, un-, ex-, mis-, co- …etc.

b. Inflectional Morphemes

Inflection (the process by which inflectional morphemes are attached to words) allows speakers to morphologically encode grammatical information. That may sound much more complicated than it really is – recall the example we started out with.

The word girls consists of two morphemes

· The free lexical morpheme girl that describes a young female human being and

· The bound inflectional morpheme -s that denotes plural number

Examples for the morphological encoding of other grammatical categories are tense (past tense -ed as in walked), aspect (progressive aspect as in walking), case (genitive case as in Mike‘s car) and person (third person -s as in Mike drives a Toyota).

You are likely to notice that

· Overall, English grammar has fairly few inflections and

· Some inflectional endings can signify different things and more than one piece of grammatical information at once

The first point can easily be demonstrated by comparing English with German, which makes more use of inflection. Compare the following two pairs of sentences.

v Der Mann sah den Hund

v Den Hund sah der Mann

vs.

v The man saw the dog

v The dog saw the man

If you focus on the meaning of the two German sentences you’ll see that it does not change, even though we’ve changed the word order. The man is still the one who sees the dog, not the other way around. By contrast, the English expression changes its meaning from the first to the second sentence.

Why is this case? In the German example the definite article is inflected for accusative case (den Hund), telling us who exactly did what to whom. This allows us to play around with the word order without changing the meaning of the sentence. English gives us no way of doing the same. We are forced to stick to a fixed word order due to a lack of case inflection (except for personal pronouns). Languages such as Latin that indicate a high degree of grammatical information via inflection (so-called synthetic languages) generally have a freer word order than analytic languages like English which have only reasonably very few inflections and rely on word order to signal syntactic relations (another popular example for a strongly analytic language is.

Are those morphemes that are used to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.

Example:

Words	Base	Affix	Inflectional	Derivational	Bound	Free	Morpheme
Dogs	dog	-s	+		-s	dog	2
Replay	play	Re-		+	Re-	play	2
Carrot	carrot					carrot	1
Television	vis	Tele, -ion		+	Tele, -vis, -ion		3
Unlikely	like	Un-		+	Un-	like	2
Tenacity	tenac	-ity		+	-ity	Tenac	2
Captivate	cap	-tiv, -ate		+	Cap,-tiv,-ate		3
Inescapable	Cap	In, -es, -able		+	In, -es, -cap	-able	4

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

1. CONCLUTION

Based on the discussion above, we can conclude that:

a. Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of morphemes and other units of meaning in a language such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation /stress, or implied context.

b. Morpheme

Definition of Morpheme

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.

Classification of Morpheme

Free morpheme: It can stand alone and has meaning.

Example : book , table, dog, house , etc.

Bound morpheme: a morpheme that must be attached to another morpheme.

Inflectional vs. Derivational

— Inflectional morpheme:

These affixes do not change the word class , but rather contribute to meeting grammatical constraints.

— Derivational morpheme :

Derivational morphemes form words either by changing the meaning of the base to which they are attached and by changing the word-class that a base belongs to.

Example:

WordRoot

unkind–>root: kind, base: kind, derivational affix: -un (input: N, output:N)

REFERENCES

Aronof, M., & Fudenman, K. What is Morphology. Blackwell Publishing.

http://www.slideshare.net/Andriyanieka12/6-morphology-morpheme-allomorph-18509326?next_slideshow=1 accessed on, Oct 1, 2014

http://kakikusakitsekali.blogspot.com/2012/06/makalah-morpology.html

accessed on Oct 11, 2014

http://www.slideshare.net/qasim060/morphology-muhammad-qasim-department-of-environmental-science?related=1

accessed on Oct 1, 2014

http://irwansyah23.blogspot.com/2009/10/materi-morphology-2009.html accessed on, Sept 30, 2014

http://ahmadnursaeful13.wordpress.com/2012/07/26/morphology/#more-609 accessed on Sept 30, 2014